While this characteristic should be understood, we can see evidence of breakdowns in communication when audiences perceive they are not being told the whole truth. Nonjudgmentalism may include taking the perspective that being different is not inherently bad and that there is common ground to be found with each other. They also expect you to be open to their point of view and be able to negotiate meaning and understanding in a constructive way. Your audience expects you to state the truth as you perceive it, with supporting and clarifying information to support your position, and to speak honestly. Nonjudgmentalism underlines the need to be open-minded, an expression of one’s willingness to examine diverse perspectives. You have a responsibility to attend to that feedback, and develop reciprocity with your audience. Communication involves give and take, and in a public speaking setting, where the communication may be perceived as “all to one,” don’t forget that the audience is also communicating in terms of feedback with you. You as the speaker will have certain expectations and roles, but dominating your audience will not encourage them to fulfill their roles in terms of participation and active listening. Inequality in the levels of dependence can negatively impact the communication and, as a result, the relationship. This leads to interdependence, or the dependence of the conversational partners on one another. We exchange meaning with one another in conversation, and much like a game, it takes more than one person to play. We’ve examined previously the transactional nature of communication, and it is important to reinforce this aspect here. Reciprocity, or a relationship of mutual exchange and interdependence, is an important characteristic of a relationship, particularly between a speaker and the audience. Tyler discusses ethical communication and specifically indicates reciprocity as a key principle. The more information you can gather about your audience, the better you will be able to adapt and present an effective speech. Access the company Web site, visit the location and get to know people, and even call members of the company to discuss your topic. In the same way, when you prepare a speech in a business situation, do your homework. Survey the audience if possible, or ask a couple of classmates what they think of the topics you are considering. Think about age, gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as your listeners’ culture or language. You can also use their speeches and topic selection as points to consider. It’s a challenge to assess what they’ve heard before, and often a class activity is conducted to allow audience members to come to know each other. The audience will want to learn something from you, not hear everything they have heard before. You may be more effective addressing the issue of secondhand smoke, underscoring the relationship to relevance and addressing the issue of importance with your audience. You don’t want to present a speech on the harmful effects of smoking when no one in the audience smokes. Look forward to the opportunity and use what you know to perform an effective, engaging speech. In the “real world,” you often lack time and the consequences of a less than effective speech can be serious. This speech will be an opportunity for you to take prepared material and present it, gaining experience and important feedback. Consider the audience’s needs, not just your need to cross a speech off your “to-do” list. You’ll be more enthusiastic, helping your audience to listen intently, and you’ll save yourself time. Regardless of where you draw the inspiration, it’s a good strategy to start with what you know and work from there. Are you taking other classes right now that are fresh in your memory? Are you working on a challenging chemistry problem that might lend itself to your informative speech? Are you reading a novel by Gabriel García Márquez that might inspire you to present a biographical speech, informing your audience about the author? Perhaps you have a hobby or outside interest that you are excited about that would serve well.
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